Current distribution and spatial spread patterns of <i>Halyomorpha halys</i> in Germany

The brown marmorated stinkbug (Halyomorpha halys Stål) is a polyphagous insect from the Pentatomidae family that originally Asia. This contaminating (i.e. hitchhiking) species, often found in urban areas and along anthropogenic infrastructure, fast spreading Germany other European countries. As pest those countries for agriculture as nuisance public it important to have solid database of current distribution spread modelling, risk assessment further analysis contain infestations reduce or prevent spread. authors present here phytosanitary status trends Germany. La punaise diabolique est un insecte polyphage de la famille des Pentatomidae, originaire d'Asie. Cette espèce contaminante « auto-stoppeuse »), souvent observée en zone urbaine et à proximité d’infrastructures anthropiques, se dissémine rapidement Allemagne dans d'autres pays d’Europe. considérée Europe comme ravageur cultures agricoles une pour le grand public, il donc disposer d'une base données solide sur sa répartition géographique afin modéliser dissémination, permettre analyses risque phytosanitaire ou toute autre analyse, but d’enrayer les existantes réduire d'empêcher dissémination future. Cet article présente actuelle Allemagne, ainsi que ses tendances évolutives. Коричнево-мраморный клоп - это многоядное насекомое из семейства родом Азии. Этот засоряющий вид, часто встречающийся в городских районах и вдоль объектов антропогенной инфраструктуры, быстро распространяется Германии других европейских странах. В этих странах он является организмом, вредным для сельского хозяйства досаждающим населению. Чтобы сдерживать заражение, сокращать или предотвращать дальнейшее распространение организма, важно иметь надежную базу данных о его текущем распределении. Это необходимо моделирования дальнейшего распространения, оценки риска последующего анализа. Авторы представляют здесь текущий фитосанитарный статус тенденции распространения коричнево-марморного клопа Германии. spatio-temporal occurrence, abundance phenology new pests country are pieces information various stakeholders ranging farmers whose crops might be at risk, field ecologists setting up traps monitor describe plant protection services, analysts modelers who interested simulating estimating potential country. stink bug Stål, Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) an invasive hitchhiking China, Japan, South Korea Taiwan (Lee al., 2013). was first time Liechtenstein 2004 followed by Switzerland 2007 (Wermelinger 2008; EPPO, 2013; Haye 2015). After its introduction Liechtenstein/Switzerland continued surrounding (EPPO, 2021). occurrences were 2011 Bremerhaven (where eradicated) Konstanz (Zimmermann 2018). Due feeding patterns has cause serious ecological economic impacts (Haye It occurs on many areas, gardens, balconies agricultural land. For overwintering, H. seeks shelter buildings can thus become major (Inkley, 2012; McPherson, 2017; Schulz, temperature increase associated with climate change may lead expansion habitat better growth conditions, above-mentioned risks future (Stoeckli 2020). study carried out starting 2019 (Heß 2020), incorporating some data 2017 2018 well. obtained consist monitoring pheromone traps, visual inspections, citizen science, databanks, literature relevant sources. A total 5476 points collected, which 3654 indicate presence species. useful tool (Rice 2014; Acebes-Doria In this project, rocket-shaped RESCUE!® produced company Sterling International Inc. (Sokane, WA, USA) well so-called ‘Fischer traps’, prototype provided Andermatt Biocontrol AG (Grossdietwil, CH), used (Figure 1). dispensers placed/hung these replaced every 9–12 weeks depending minimum duration effectiveness indicated manufacturer. products lures either PHEROCON® Stink Bug DUAL Lure Attractant companies Trécé (Adair, OK, Inc., respectively. equipped dispenser hung branches accessible height. locations 2) chosen cover type places where species been past, had not detected previous year very likely occur. includes gardens parks rural high traffic volume 2015; 2017). checked regularly, least 14 days. If no target organism caught, then date entered table ‘absence’. When one more individuals present, infestation level/quantity, location (e.g. area, forest vegetable cultivation), development stage mating noted particular trap/location. May/June until end September/October. managed project since (Table However, few established earlier (18 23 2018) taken over start ProgRAMM 2019). Visual photographic documentation May November 2020 3). addition discovery, host/feeding plants number individuals, recorded: winter dormancy (first find year), information, oviposition, occurrence nymphs, emergence different nymphal stages adult beginning (retreat into protected e.g. buildings). Catalpa trees (Catalpa bignonioides), Bignoniaceae, turned indicator tree because they relatively rare scattered usually easily accessible, so extent area estimated. Thus, good point when looking area. therefore primarily targeted during control. Other Ailanthus trees, also known Tree heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Simaroubaceae family, Princess (Paulownia tomentosa) Paulowniaceae Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) Rosaceae family. These permanent. Citizen science substantial improve programmes (Malek At events, presentations internet (LTZ Augustenberg, 2021), asked help finding stinkbug. insects citizens sent LTZ Augustenberg JKI, itself photo it, together about place discovery any host plants, identification qualified scientists. databases included, amongst others iNaturalist, naturgucker.de gbif (GBIF.org, 2021a, 2021b). All manuscript, iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/81923-Halyomorpha-halys), researcher ensure quality correct points, inhomogeneous observation opportunities (locations people look insects) presumably correlated bugs human presence/infrastructure (bugs hibernation sites unknowingly transported humans (hitchhiker species) must account. result spatial bias actual (Dickinson 2010). effect COVID-19 pandemic via ‘hitchhiking’ kept mind comparing series (Basile References complement included Hanselmann (2016), Zimmermann (2017), Morkel Dorow Claerebout al. (2018), Kott (2019) Renker (2019). sources contributed reports findings universities, research institutes, services external experts. During phase (2017–2020) 3600 registered numbers show increasing trend 208 finds 1325 2). Most InvaProtect (Stöckli 2017) identifications excursions Center Agricultural Technology (LTZ). possible there only through 2018, than half emails (citizen science). 2019, increased strongly did consultants. 2020, most especially websites such stinkbugs between July (for weekly resolution graphs see Supporting Information), peaks occurring each consecutive except 2017, 202 4). September October (385 251 finds, respectively), while strong peak August 348 320 finds. distributed bit homogeneously, main July, (250, 326 233 respectively). Variations due travel restrictions, (as mentioned section 2.3) addition, inter-annual variations environmental variables will affect population subsequent behaviour could observed wide range 5). bignonioides) apple (Malus domestica) (132 each). Peppers (Capsicum annuum) (105 finds) third common on, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (88) cucumber (Cucumis sativus) (84). total, 167 plants. Many fruits grown allotments reflected frequency discovery. (2799 finds). confirms settlements studies Hancock orchards (434) (296). forests grasslands (55), farmland (39), ornamental horticulture (23), vineyards (3) nurseries (2) 6). single individual (2055). (649) (617) colonies 7), colony means group unspecified number. pattern early invasion still country, having yet reached aggregate big overwintering) (Cira 2016; Song & Lee, progressively recent years (Figures 8 9). From 2011, northwards throughout appears actively, passively industrial transportation, hence vicinity roads areas. By means, long distances travelled year. described clustered warmer southwestern region smaller clusters east west Central particularly abundant warmest Germany, Upper Rhine Rift, clear south north observed. Close dispersal route, Lake Constance region, another cluster occurrence. Here, warm combination buffer function large lake winds Alpine föhn play role creation suitable conditions establishment Since fruit-growing attractive reproduction faster There around Berlin, Munich Nuremberg. connected densities 9) relation Another Ruhr region. highest heavily frequented highways lot border traffic, promote entry Only Northern accordance Bebber (2013) Hickling (2006), spreads southern, regions towards colder 10). temperatures resulting higher generations per fitness even accelerate patterns. proximity overwintering basements attics), assumed cold do insects. promotes spread, potentially extreme accumulation residential United States (Schulz, Furthermore, damage future, orchards, Italy (Bariselli 2016). results Further expected. appear temperature, density infrastructures airports. limits clearly visible, necessary determine exact identify pest-free both harming buildings, control consider. samurai wasp, Trissolcus japonicus, shows promising biological halys, release currently permitted nature conservation issues. populations parasitoid wasps already Italy, (Sabbatini Peverieri 2018; Stahl 2019; Dieckhoff natural supported funds Federal Ministry Food Agriculture (BMEL) based decision Parliament Republic Office (BLE) under innovation support programme ProgRAMM: 313–06.01–28–1-B2.045–16. thank citizens, experts, partners their web platforms, mail, email, phone monitoring. dataset anonymized excel file Information. 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